Aviation Fuel yog dab tsi? Phau Ntawv Qhia Kom Paub Txog Aviation Roj

 

Nyob rau hauv lub aviation tsheb thauj mus los system, aviation roj yog lub hauv paus ntawm lub hwj chim qhov twg los xyuas kom meej qhov zoo ntawm lub dav hlau ya, thiab nws cov kev ua tau ncaj qha cuam tshuam rau kev nyab xeeb, kev nyab xeeb, thiab nqi. Piv rau cov roj siv hauv av thiab dej xws li tsheb thiab nkoj, aviation roj muaj cov kev cai nruj raws li cov qauv zoo, cov yam ntxwv muaj pes tsawg leeg, kev faib tawm, thiab daim ntawv thov, ua rau nws yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib txuas hauv kev lag luam aviation.

Nws tsis yog cov roj zoo tib yam, tab sis yog cov khoom siv tau zoo heev, nruj tswj hwm cov khoom siv roj av tshwj xeeb, uas nws qhov zoo cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau kev nyab xeeb kev nyab xeeb, kev ua haujlwm tau zoo, thiab txawm tias ib puag ncig kev ruaj ntseg.

Txhawm rau muab kev nkag siab zoo ntawm aviation roj, kev taw qhia txog plaub qhov tseem ceeb yog qhov tsim nyog: cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb (nws yog dab tsi), qhov zoo thiab kev nyab xeeb (yuav ua li cas kom huv si thiab kev ntseeg tau), cov saw hlau thiab kev ua haujlwm (yuav ua li cas nws mus txog lub dav hlau), thiab txiav- ntug tiam sis (qhov twg nws mus rau yav tom ntej). Kab lus no yuav ua ntej qhia txog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm aviation roj.

 

 

Aviation roj yog ib hom roj tshwj xeeb uas tsim los rau lub dav hlau, xav tau kom ua tau raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ua haujlwm ruaj khov ntawm cov dav hlau hauv qhov nyuaj siab - qhov chaw siab (qhov kub thiab txias, tsis tshua muaj siab). Yog li ntawd, nws cov qauv zoo yog ntau dua li cov roj siv hauv cov cua sov, tsheb, thiab nkoj. Nws cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb yog rov qab los ntawm ob yam:

Kev Nyab Xeeb Kev Nyab Xeeb: Los ntawm kev ntxiv cov khoom siv tshwj xeeb, qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm cov roj khov hauv qis - qhov kub thiab txias - qhov chaw siab yuav raug txo, thaum tseem tsis txhob muaj kev puas tsuaj los ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, thiab txo qis microbial corrosion ntawm cov roj system.

Lub Hwj Huam Hwj Hwj Hwj Hwj Hwj Hwj Hwj Hwj Hwj Hwj Hwj Hwj Hnyav yog qhov hnyav heev, yog li cov roj aviation yuav tsum muaj tus nqi calorific ntau dua ib chav tsev loj ‒ kwv yees li 18,720 BTUs ib phaus rau aviation roj av (1 BTU ≈ 1055.056 Joules) thiab kwv yees li 18,401 BTUs rau kev siv hluav taws xob tsawg dua. thiab txhim khu kev ya davhlau endurance.

 

Raws li qhov sib txawv nyob rau hauv aircraft hom cav, aviation roj feem ntau muab faib ua ob pawg loj: aviation roj av thiab aviation kerosene. Ob qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb hauv kev sib xyaw, kev ua haujlwm, thiab kev siv cov xwm txheej.

(I) Aviation Gasoline (AVGAS): Adapted rau Reciprocating Engines

Aviation roj av yog ib tug tshwj xeeb roj rau aircraft nrog reciprocating engine, zoo ib yam li nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntsiab lus rau pej xeem automotive roj av, tab sis nrog nruj me ntsis raws li kev cai rau kev tiv thaiv -knock zog thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg tswj.

Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb: Qib los ntawm Octane Number, Anti-Knock Property is Key

Tus lej Octane yog qhov ntsuas tseem ceeb rau kev ntsuas kev tiv thaiv -knock kev ua tau zoo: isooctane muaj qhov zoo tshaj plaws los tiv thaiv-knock khoom (octane tus lej txhais li 100), thaum heptane yog qhov yooj yim rau khob (octane tus lej defi ned li 0). Qib ntawm aviation roj av sawv cev nws tus lej octane; Piv txwv li, 80-octane aviation roj av muaj kev tiv thaiv kev ua haujlwm sib npaug sib npaug ntawm 80% isooctane thiab 20% heptane.

Kev siv thaum ntxov ntawm "dual-tus lej qib": xws li 100/130, qhov twg tus lej thib ib sawv cev rau "tus lej octane nyob rau hauv qhov sib tov sib xyaw" (100), thiab tus lej thib ob sawv cev rau "tus lej octane nyob rau hauv kev nplua nuj sib xyaw"

(130). High- qauv octane (piv txwv li, 100/130) yog haum rau siab -compression engines nrog superchargers; tam sim no yooj yim rau "ib zaug- tus lej qib," tsuas yog cim los ntawm lean sib tov octane tus lej, cov qauv sib xws yog 80, 100, thiab 100LL.

100LL yog cov qauv tseem ceeb ntawm ib puag ncig tus phooj ywg: piv rau 100-octane, nws cov ntsiab lus txhuas raug txo los ntawm 50%, txo cov toxicity thiab ib puag ncig muaj kuab paug thaum ua kom muaj zog tiv thaiv, ua rau nws yog thawj qhov kev xaiv rau reciprocating engine aircraft hnub no.

Kev Nyab Xeeb Kev Nyab Xeeb: Txheeb xyuas los ntawm Xim Dyes

Txhawm rau tiv thaiv kev sib xyaw cov qib sib txawv ntawm cov roj av aviation (uas tuaj yeem ua rau lub cav tsis ua haujlwm lossis txawm tias muaj kev puas tsuaj loj), kev lag luam cov cai yuav tsum tau ntxiv cov xim dyes rau cov roj, nrog ntau qib sib txawv ntawm cov xim sib txawv, yooj yim rau kev txheeb xyuas sai los ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv av.

 

(II) Aviation Kerosene (JET FUEL): Hloov rau Gas Turbine Cav

Aviation kerosene, tseem hu ua "dav dav hlau," yog cov roj tseem ceeb rau aviation gas turbine xyaw (cov dav hlau loj xws li cov dav hlau dav hlau thiab dav hlau dav hlau). Nws nta tsis tshua muaj hluav taws xob, qhov taw qhia siab siab, thiab qhov zoo qis -kub  uidity, thiab feem ntau muab faib ua ob qhov loj:civil thiab tub rog.

 

Tub Rog Aviation Kerosene: Kho rau Cov Kev Xav Tau Tshwj Xeeb ntawm Tub Rog Tub Rog

Cov tub rog ua qauv ua ntej nrog "JP" (Jet Propulsion), nrog rau kev ua tau zoo raws li kev ua tub rog dav hlau ua haujlwm (piv txwv li, cov cab kuj -raws li, hypersonic ight). Cov qauv muaj xws li:

JP-4: Kev sib xyaw yog qhov tseem ceeb zoo ib yam li JET B, tsom rau kev hloov pauv ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, yav tas los siv hauv cov tub rog thaum ntxov.

J.P

JP-8: Tub rog version ntawm JET A-1, muaj ntau yam, tam sim no cov tub rog dav hlau dav hlau kerosene.

JP-6/JP-7: Customized rau cov cav tov hypersonic, siab ash point cov yam ntxwv hloov mus rau qhov kub thiab txias ib puag ncig ‒ JP-6 siv nyob rau hauv YJ93 xyaw ntawm XB-70

bomber, JP-7 siv nyob rau hauv J58 turbojet-ramjet xyaw ntawm "Blackbird" SR-71 reconnaissance aircraft.

 

 

 

Los ntawm cov tshuaj molecular mis foundations, ob qho tib si aviation kerosene thiab zoo tib yam kerosene yog hydrocarbons (molecular mis CH3 (CH2)nCH3, n=8 ~ 16), nrog tsawg heev compositional sib txawv. Nws tseem tsis tuaj yeem txiav txim siab seb nws puas yog aviation kerosene los ntawm kev sib xyaw ib leeg tom qab ncav cuag ib qho purity. Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm ob qhov lus dag hauv lawv qhov kev ua tau zoo, uas ncaj qha txiav txim siab seb lawv puas tuaj yeem ua tau raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ua ntawm aviation xyaw:

Tus nqi calorific: Suav cov qauv xav tau aviation kerosene kom muaj tus nqi calorific ntau dua lossis sib npaug li 10,250 kcal / kg, ua kom muaj zog txaus rau ib chav tsev hnyav ntawm roj; zoo tib yam kerosene tsis muaj xws li calorific nqi siab.

Qhov ceev: Aviation kerosene ntom ntau dua lossis sib npaug li 0.775 g / cm³. Qhov ceev dua txhais tau tias muaj zog ntau dua, uas tuaj yeem txo cov roj nqa; zoo tib yam kerosene feem ntau muaj qis dua.

Tsawg-Kev Ua Haujlwm Kub: Kev ya dav hlau kerosene qhov chaw khov qis dua lossis sib npaug ntawm -55℃~-60 degree, kom ntseeg tau tias nws tsis khov ntawm 10,000 meters qhov siab; zoo tib yam kerosene muaj qhov chaw txias dua (feem ntau siab dua 0 degree) thiab tsis tuaj yeem hloov mus rau qhov siab-siab kub qis.

Distillation Range: Lub distillation ntau yam ntawm aviation kerosene yuav tsum tau tswj kom meej (feem ntau 180 ~ 310 degree, adjustable raws li xav tau), ncaj qha cuam tshuam lub cav pib kev ua tau zoo thiab combustion tiav; zoo tib yam kerosene muaj ib tug dav distillation ntau yam thiab tsis yuav tsum tau nruj adaptation rau lub cav ua hauj lwm tej yam kev mob.

Viscosity: Aviation kerosene's kinematic viscosity ntawm 40℃yuav tsum tau tswj ntawm 1.0 ~ 2.0mm² / s ‒ viscosity siab dhau tuaj yeem ua rau cov roj loj thiab tsis tiav combustion, thaum tsis tshua muaj viscosity tuaj yeem ua rau luv roj pos huab ntau thiab lub cav sab hauv overheating; zoo tib yam kerosene tsis muaj xws li viscosity yuav tsum.

Txhawm rau ua kom tau raws li cov lus qhia nruj no, aviation kerosene siv "ib zaug- dhau ib nrab ntawm cov txheej txheem hloov dua siab tshiab," siv cov co-gel catalysts (siab ntim ntau, cov ntsiab lus tsis tshua muaj molecular sieve) thaum lub sij hawm ua kom muaj peev xwm ua kom muaj ntxhiab tsw. The final product exhibits characteristics of "high density, high smoke point, high calorific value, and low aromatics."

 

 

Aviation roj tsis yog "hloov kho dua tshiab" ntawm cov roj zoo tib yam, tab sis cov roj tshwj xeeb tag nrho hloov kho nyob ib ncig ntawm lub dav hlau xav tau: nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm c lassification, aviation roj av tau yoog rau reciprocating xyaw, thiab aviation kerosene rau roj turbine xyaw; nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm kev ua tau zoo, nws ua kom muaj siab - qhov siab dav dav kev nyab xeeb los ntawm kev tswj hwm nruj ntawm tus nqi calorific, ntom, qis- qhov kub thiab txias, thiab lwm yam ntsuas; nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm kev tsim khoom, nws ua kom muaj roj stability los ntawm cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb thiab cov khoom siv ntxiv. Txawm hais tias txhua hnub kev caij dav hlau dav hlau dav hlau los yog kev ua tub rog tshwj xeeb hauv kev ua tub rog, qhov zoo thiab kev hloov pauv ntawm cov roj aviation yog qhov tseem ceeb txiav txim siab txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev thauj mus los hauv aviation.